Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque

The Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qala'un Mosque is an early 14th century mosque at the Citadel in Cairo, Egypt. It was built by the Mamluk sultan Al-Nasr Muhammad in 1318 as the royal mosque of the Citadel, where the sultans of Cairo performed their Friday prayers.

The Sultan also built a religious complex in the center of the city, next to the one by his father Qalawun.

There are two minarets, both built entirely of stone, one at the northeast corner and one at the northwest portal right above the main entrance; the former is the higher of the two. The top of the latter is unique in Cairo in that it has a garlic-shaped bulb.

In the 1335 renovation, the mosque was heightened, its roof rebuilt and a dome of plastered wood covered with green tiles was added over the maqsura (prayer niche). For centuries the Qala'un Mosque was considered the most glamorous mosque in Cairo until the dome over the prayer niche collapsed in the sixteenth century and the high marble dado was carried off to Istanbul by the Ottoman conqueror Sultan Selim I. The present dome is modern, carried by granite columns taken from ancient Egyptian temples.

Cairo Citadel

The Salahdin Citadel in Cairo

is a medieval Islamic fortification in Cairo,Egypt.

The location is on Mokattam Hill near the center of Cairo.

The Citadel 
was once famous for its fresh breeze and grand views of the city. It is now a preserved historic site, with mosques and museums.

The Citadel was fortified by the Ayyubid ruler Salah El Din , between 1176 and 1183 CE, to protect it from the Crusaders.

Only a few years after defeating the Fatimid Caliphate , Saladin set out to build a wall that would surround both Cairo and Fustat. The Citadel would be the centerpiece of the wall. The efficacy of the Citadel's location is further demonstrated by the fact that it remained the heart of Egyptian government until the 19th century.

The citadel stopped being the seat of government when Egypt,s ruler : Khedive Ismael moved to his newly built Abdin Palace in the Ismailiya neighborhood in the 1860s

While the Citadel was completed in 1183-1184, the wall Saladin had envisioned was still under construction in 1238, long after his death.

To supply water to the Citadel, Saladin built the 280 feet (85 m) deep (Well of Joseph) , which can still be seen today.

Once water was raised from the well to the surface, it traveled to the Citadel on a series of aqueducts

The Citadel is sometimes referred to as Mohamed Ali Citadel,  because it contains the Mosque of Muhammed Ali Pasha Mosque, which was built between 1828 and 1848, perched on the summit of the Citadel.

 Jewel Palace
A deficiency in the castle next to Saladin Mosque of Muhammad Ali or Mohammed Ali Castle
The transformation of the Museum, was built primarily to house the wife of Muhammad Ali Pasha and it was established in 1814.
Muhammad Ali Pasha was keen to have this very palace of luxury and pomp, is subject to many of the large halls
Most notably the reception hall and a hall hours, which is the most beautiful in the palace.

The palace was marked by the highest decoration of the Ottoman art, whether wood or plaster boards.
Characterize the palace in color, drawings and engravings. And left the palace retains Bhzute until finally on to the Museum of Islamic heritage.

Pictures of Egyptian Museum

Amun

Egyptian Museum

The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum, in Cairo,Egypt, is home to an extensive collection of Ancient Egyptian antiquities. It has 120,000 items, with a representative amount on display, the remainder in storerooms.

The museum's Royal Mummy Room, containing 27 royal mummies from pharaonic times.

The Egyptian Museum of Antiquities contains many important pieces of ancient Egyptian history.

It houses the world’s largest collection of Pharaonic antiquities, and many treasures of King Tutankhamen.

The Egyptian government established the museum, built in 1835 near the Ezbekeyah Garden.

then moved to Boulaq in 1858, because the original building was getting to be too small to hold all of the artifacts 

In 1855, shortly after the artifacts were moved, Duke Maximilian of Austria was given all of the artifacts. He hired a French architect to design and construct a new museum for the antiquities. 

The new building was to be constructed on the bank of the Nile River in Boulaq. 

In 1878, after the museum has been completed for some time, it suffered some irreversible damage; a flood of the Nile River caused the antiquities to be relocated to another museum, in Giza. 

The artifacts remained there until 1902 when they were moved, for the last time, to the current museum in Tahrir Square.

During the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, the museum was broken into, and two mummies were reportedly destroyed. Several artifacts were also shown to have been damaged

Nile River In Ancient Egypt

The longest river in the world, stretching for 6741 km from East Africa to the mediterranean, which is unquestionably the single most important element of the geography of both ancient and modern Egypt.

Without the waters and fertile flood-plain of the Nile, it is highly unlikely that Egyptian civilization would have developed in the deserts of north-eastern Africa.

The study of the topography and geology of the Nile valley has revealed a complex sequence of phases, whereby the river gradually changed its location and size over the course of millions of years.

Three rivers flowed into the Nile from the south:

the Blue Nile, the White Nile and the Atbarah.

The southern secrion of the Nile proper, between Aswan and Khanoum,was interrupted by six 'cataracts' each of which consists of a series of rapids produced by changes in the type of rock forming the river bed. This section of the Nile valley corresponds to the land of Nubia, conventionally divided into Lower Nubia (the nonhern hall), between the first and second cataracts, and Upper Nubia, between the second and sixth cataracts. The border between the modern states of Egypt and Sudan is located just to the north of the second cataract.

From the earliest times, the waters of the Nile, swollen by monsoon rains in Ethiopia, flooded over the surrounding valley every year between June and September - an event known as the inundation - and new layers of fertile soil were thus annually deposited on the flood-plain. From the early nineteenth century onwards, however, the Nile was subject to a series of dams and sluices, culminating in the completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971. After more than a decade of rescue work, Lower Nubia was largely flooded by Lake asser. Since then, the Egyptian section of the Nile valley has ceased to be subject to the inundation, thus allowing thou­sands of acres of new land to be cultivated through irrigation schemes, as well as the production of electricity from a hydroelectric plant attached to the dam.

Menkaure’s pyramid complex

Menkaure’s pyramid complex consistes of a Valley Temple, a causeway, a mortuary temple, and the king’s pyramid. 

The Valley Temple contained several statues of Menkaure. During the 5th dynasty a smaller ante-temple was added on to the Valley temple. 

The Mortuary temple also yielded several statues of Menkaure. The king’s pyramid has three subsidiary or Queen’s pyramids. 

Of the four major monuments, only Menkaure's Pyramid is seen today without any of its original polished limestone casing

Khafre’s pyramid complex

Khafre’s pyramid complex consists of a Valley temple (sometimes referred to as the Sphinx temple), a causeway, a mortuary temple and the king’s pyramid. 

The Valley Temple yielded several statues of Khafre. Several were found in a well in the floor of the temple by Mariette in 1860. 

Others were found during successive excavations by Sieglin (1909–10), Junker, Reisner, and Hassan. 

Khafre’s complex contained five boat-pits and a subsidiary pyramid with a serdab. 

Khafre's Pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu Pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction – it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume. 

Khafre's Pyramid retains a prominent display of casing stones at its apex